UNCTAD: International trade to rebound in 2024

After enduring successive declines over several quarters, the outlook for international trade appears optimistic as 2024 unfolds, as indicated by the most recent Global Trade Update released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

In 2023, global trade saw a 3% contraction, amounting to approximately USD 1 trillion, compared to the peak of USD 32 trillion witnessed in 2022. Despite this downturn, the services sector demonstrated remarkable resilience, registering a substantial $500 billion, or 8%, increase from the preceding year, whereas trade in goods observed a significant decline of $1.3 trillion, or 5%, compared to 2022, data from UNCTAD shows.

The final quarter of 2023 marked a significant departure from earlier quarters, witnessing a stabilization in both merchandise and services trade on a quarterly basis. Notably, developing countries, particularly those situated in the African, East Asian, and South Asian regions, experienced notable growth in trade during this period, according to UNCTAD.

Regional Dynamics

While major economies generally saw a decline in merchandise trade throughout 2023, certain exceptions emerged, like the Russian Federation, which exhibited notable volatility in trade statistics. Towards the end of 2023, trade in goods saw growth in several major economies, including China (+5% imports) and India (+5% exports), although it declined for the Russian Federation and the European Union.

During 2023, trade performance diverged between developing and developed countries, with the former experiencing a decline of approximately 4% and the latter around 6%. South-South trade, or trade between developing economies, saw a steeper decline of about 7%. However, these trends reversed in the last quarter of 2023, with developing countries and South-South trade resuming growth while trade in developed countries remained stable, the report shows.

Geopolitical tensions continued to impact bilateral trade flows, as shown by the Russian Federation reducing its trade dependence on the European Union while increasing its reliance on China. Additionally, trade interdependence between China and the United States decreased further in 2023.

Regionally, trade between African economies bucked the global trend by increasing 6% in 2023, whereas intra-regional trade in East Asia (-9%) and Latin America (-5%) lagged behind the global average.

Mixed Sectoral Picture

At the sectoral level, most industries experienced declines in trade value, with exceptions such as pharmaceuticals, transportation equipment (largely due to increased demand for wide-body aircraft) and motor vehicles, which grew by 14%, primarily fueled by the demand for electric vehicles.

Conversely, sectors like apparel, chemicals and textiles saw significant declines in 2023. However, most sectors rebounded in the fourth quarter of 2023, except for apparel, where trade further contracted.

Among services, tourism and travel-related services showed the strongest rebound, increasing by almost 40%t last year.

Prospects for 2024

Available data for the first quarter of 2024 suggests a continued improvement in global trade, especially considering moderating global inflation and improving economic growth forecasts, UNCTAD said. Additionally, rising demand for environmental goods, particularly electric vehicles, is expected to bolster trade this year.

However, geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions persist as pivotal factors influencing bilateral trade trends and require ongoing scrutiny.

“Disruptions in shipping routes, particularly those related to security issues in the Red Sea and the Suez Canal, as well as adverse climate effects on water levels in the Panama Canal, carry the potential to escalate shipping costs, prolong voyage times and disrupt supply chains,” UNCTAD noted.